Over the past 22 years, the GEM research consortium has tracked the evolution of entrepreneurship within and across economies. This section looks at the overall South African entrepreneurial activity levels. These measures include societal attitudes, namely good career choice, high status, and media attention. It also considers entrepreneurship self-perception, which includes 3 important measurements. These are perceived good opportunities, perceived capabilities or self-efficacy, and fear of failure or risk-taking propensity.